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Текстовые эмбеддинги и семантический поиск

Превратить фразы в векторы и найти ближайшие по смыслу

Язык и знанияСредний #09
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Полный текст статьи представлен на английском; заголовок и аннотация локализованы.

ЧТО ЭТО ЗА ВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ

Encodes a piece of text into a fixed-length vector so that semantically similar texts sit close together, then retrieves related items by nearest-neighbour lookup. Output is a ranked result list (item ids and scores), not prose. Unlike question answering it only finds possibly relevant material; it does not compose the answer.

Как это устроено

The mainstream design is a two-tower model: queries and documents are compressed by encoders, and training pushes true pairs above random negatives, typically with contrastive learning and large batches. At query time all document vectors are pre-computed into an index and an approximate nearest-neighbour search returns the top-k in milliseconds. Sparse and dense representations are often mixed to combine keyword hits with semantic recall.

Примеры продуктов

6

Связанные организации

Типичное применение

  • Search over enterprise documents and code
  • The recall stage of RAG pipelines
  • Deduplication, clustering and topic discovery
  • Recommendation and similar-content entry points

Как её оценивают

Recall@k
Whether the top-k contain all relevant documents
nDCG
Discounted cumulative gain that accounts for rank position
MRR
Mean reciprocal rank of the first relevant result

Границы и трудности

  • Semantic similarity is not relevance: near neighbours may merely share wording
  • Cross-domain or cross-lingual use degrades noticeably without adaptation
  • Chunking long documents severs context, and answers at chunk boundaries are easily missed

Концепции в основе